ABSTRACT
Endophthalmitis is an inflammatory condition involving the intraocular cavities, including the Uveal tissue and retina. Panophthalmitis includes the sclera and Tenon’s capsule. Endophthalmitis may be classified as Infective and Sterile endophthalmitis. Infective causes can be further subdivided into Exogenous, Endogenous and Secondary infections from surrounding structures. Exogenous forms arise from perforating injuries or postoperatively. Endogenous endophthalmitis may develop as a result of seeding from a distant focus of infection in the body. Depending on the causative organism, it may be bacterial or fungal.Diabetes mellitus may accentuate the condition. Endophthalmitis can lead to serious complications such as visual loss and Phthisis bulbi. Hence if not managed adequately and early, enucleation may be required.
ABSTRACT
Coronary artery disease is an important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality all over the world. Hypertension has been identified as an important risk factor for the development of CAD. Retinal vessel changes can occur in patients with uncontrolled or poorly controlled hypertension and are a predictor of the effect of hypertensive damage in the body. Retina is a place where end artery circulation can be directly visualized and quantifying retinal vessel changes in hypertensive patients presenting with angina can help in determining the risk and identifying those patients who need coronary angiogram especially in a primary care set up as it is an expensive investigation. We wanted to analyse retinal vessel changes in elderly hypertensives presenting with angina and correlate the same with the risk of developing coronary artery disease.METHODS50 elderly hypertensives who presented with acute angina were included in the study and were subjected to a coronary angiogram. They were divided into case and control groups. Those with the disease on angio are taken as cases and those without are considered as controls. The effect of age, sex, BMI, smoking, presence of retinopathy, LVH on ECG, grade of retinopathy were all analysed and correlated with the risk of developing CAD.RESULTSAge, Sex, BMI, smoking, LVH had no relation with development of CAD in our study. Presence of retinopathy had a significant correlation with development of CAD (p = 0.031, p<0.05) with OR of 5.81. Commonest grade of retinopathy in our study was Grade 2 and this also showed a significant correlation with the risk of developing CAD.CONCLUSIONSRetinal vessel changes are a significant predictor of risk of developing CAD in elderly hypertensives presenting with angina. The risk of developing CAD was six fold more in those with retinopathy changes and this can help as a screening tool to determine those who need angiography in a primary setting.